{"id":1338,"date":"2018-03-20T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2018-03-20T04:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/hieroglyphs-emojis-of-the-ancient-world-not-quite\/"},"modified":"2024-03-19T15:49:25","modified_gmt":"2024-03-19T19:49:25","slug":"hieroglyphs-emojis-of-the-ancient-world-not-quite","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/planetwordmuseum.org\/hieroglyphs-emojis-of-the-ancient-world-not-quite\/","title":{"rendered":"Hieroglyphs: Emojis of the Ancient World? Not Quite"},"content":{"rendered":"

These days, we do a lot of our communicating with pictures. We sprinkle our messages with emojis and search for the perfect GIF to express exactly how we feel \u2014 it sometimes seems like these images create a language of their own. This often leads people to compare emojis with some of the earliest, image-based forms of human expression. Many begin to wonder, are emojis the new hieroglyphics?<\/p>\n

The short answer: well…not really. With guidance from Ruth Kramer, a Professor of Linguistics at Georgetown University and a specialist in Ancient Egyptian, we\u2019ve put together a crash course in this complex, ancient language. Though hieroglyphics only look like a series of simple pictures, the reality is much richer and more complicated.<\/p>\n

History<\/h4>\n

The Egyptians used hieroglyphics for thousands of years, but their use of the language changed over those millennia. Egyptologists specifically identify five stages in the evolution of the language: Old Egyptian (3000\u20132000 BCE), Middle Egyptian (2000\u20131300 BCE), Late Egyptian (1300\u2013700 BCE), Demotic (7th century BCE to 5th century CE), and Coptic (4th to 14th century CE).<\/p>\n

Of these five stages, Middle Egyptian is most commonly taught because it has a large variety of texts available for study and because it was spoken during the golden age of Egyptian history. While most Old Egyptian documents that survive are very formal religious texts or tomb inscriptions, surviving Middle Egyptian texts include multiple works of literature, and even personal letters. With these, we can get a glimpse of more informal writing that may have resembled the spoken language more closely.<\/p>\n

The Writing System and Making Words<\/h4>\n

The individual symbols, or \u201chieroglyphs,\u201d in Middle Egyptian can mean many things depending on the context in which they\u2019re written. Some hieroglyphs indicate certain sounds, the way letters in the Roman alphabet do. For example, the symbol for \u201chand\u201d roughly corresponds to the sound of the letter D in English. As such, you could construct a rough alphabet if you wanted to \u201cspell\u201d something in Ancient Egyptian. \u201cWords Matter\u201d transliterated in this way would look something like this:<\/p>\n\"\"\n

 <\/p>\n

However, this alphabet only scrapes the surface. Many hieroglyphs stand for clusters of two or three sounds, and are thus transcribed with multiple letters. And some symbols don\u2019t get their own sound at all! When transcribing Egyptian into the Roman alphabet, then, you need to know \u2014 or be able to look up \u2014 countless symbols, the sound or sounds they represent, and whether or not it gets a sound at all in the context of the surrounding symbols. That\u2019s a lot of information!<\/p>\n\"\"\n

 <\/p>\n

Notice how the second word has three hieroglyphs but is transcribed with only two letters? That\u2019s because the third hieroglyph in this case is a silent character included to make the meaning of the word more clear. In this case, the sign combines an image of an alabaster bowl used for ceremonies and a festival tent with a pole in the middle; together, these two images signify that the word has to do with festivals or ceremonies.<\/p>\n

Most famously, perhaps, many glyphs are \u201clogograms\u201d \u2014 they look like what they stand for. A glyph depicting a sun may simply be the word for \u201csun\u201d in the sentence, or a drawing of a man may just mean \u201cman.\u201d For this reason, people often compare emojis to hieroglyphics. Compare these two situations, for example:<\/p>\n\"\"\n

 <\/p>\n

In both sentences, the word \u201csun\u201d is represented with an image of a sun instead of abstract letters or symbols. Both the emoji and the hieroglyph are working as logograms!<\/p>\n

Going a step further, logograms can also be used to express ideas metaphorically attached to a certain image. The sign for \u201cmouth,\u201d for example, also appears in the words for \u201clanguage\u201d and \u201cname.\u201d<\/p>\n\"\"\n

 <\/p>\n

Egyptian hieroglyphs make frequent use of something called the \u201crebus principle.\u201d In this principle, a symbol for one word is used to stand in for another word that sounds similar. See these contemporary examples:<\/p>\n

\"

From top to bottom: I can\u2019t bee-leaf it!; Oh deer!; Whale whale whale, look what we have here!<\/p><\/div>\n

Here, an image of a deer stands in for the identically-pronounced \u201cdear\u201d in the exclamation \u201coh dear!\u201d In the same way, a bee and a leaf combine to make \u201cbelieve\u201d (with a little imagination), and three whale emoji translate to \u201cwell, well, well.\u201d<\/p>\n

Egyptian hieroglyphs do the same thing. The letter \u201cr\u201d is used as a rebus for the preposition \u201cto,\u201d since they are spoken the same way. An image of a certain type of bird, pronounced \u201csah,\u201d is used in the hieroglyph for \u201cson,\u201d which is also pronounced \u201csah.\u201d<\/p>\n\"\"\n

 <\/p>\n

Here, the bird indicates the pronunciation of the word, while the seated man is a silent symbol that specifies that this particular instance of that word means \u201cson.\u201d<\/p>\n

Putting It All Together<\/h4>\n

You may have noticed something tricky about one of the examples above: There are no spaces between the words in Ancient Egyptian! Figuring out word boundaries is a puzzle that takes context clues and, more often than not, time spent poring over Egyptian dictionaries.<\/p>\n

Also, it\u2019s important to note that Middle Egyptian is a VSO language: The verb will come first in the sentence, followed by the subject and the object. In the example above, the real word order of \u201cthe sun shines\u201d is \u201cshines (wbn) the sun (rc).\u201d<\/p>\n

With all of these many rules in mind, here are some examples of how it all fits together!<\/p>\n

I thank you<\/h2>\n

If you want to be polite, but in a fancy way, you can tell your friend thank you with these symbols:<\/p>\n\"\"\n

I love you<\/h2>\n

Middle Egyptian uses two genders, which apply with second and third person pronouns. If you wanted to write \u201cI love you\u201d to someone, then, you would need to specify their gender like this:<\/p>\n\"\"\n\"\"\n

For a more neutral way to say \u201cI love you,\u201d or a way to tell a group of people that you love them, there is a way to pluralize this phrase. The transcription would be identical to the feminine form (mri.i tn), but you would add three vertical lines under the last sign to indicate plurality.<\/p>\n

Planet Word<\/h2>\n

Finally, here is how you would roughly translate \u201cPlanet Word\u201d into Middle Egyptian hieroglyphs! Note that this isn\u2019t simply transcribing the sounds \u201cPlanet Word\u201d into hieroglyphics, but actually translating the concept into Middle Egyptian vocabulary. The phrase below would roughly be pronounced \u201cta nee medet.\u201d<\/p>\n\"\"\n

\n

Further Reading<\/h4>\n

If you would like to learn more about Middle Egyptian, Professor Kramer has some suggestions: \u201cCollier and Manley\u2019s How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs <\/em>is a good, basic introduction to the language. James Allen\u2019s Middle Egyptian<\/em> is more advanced but good for self-study. A good collection of Egyptian texts in translation is called The Literature of Ancient Egypt<\/em>, edited by Kelly Simpson. Finally, The Keys of Egypt<\/em> is a light, fun read about the decipherment of hieroglyphs.\u201d<\/p>\n

Many thanks to Professor Ruth Kramer for providing guidance, background information, and translation\/transcription assistance. Her 2012 article \u201cEgyptian\u201d in Semitic and Afroasiatic: Challenges and Opportunities<\/em>, ed. Lutz Edzard, was an invaluable resource throughout this process as well.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Emojis and GIFs help us express our meaning in texts and emails, and they sometimes seem like languages of their own. Some people have wondered, then: are emojis the new hieroglyphs?…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":1351,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[37],"class_list":["post-1338","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-words-language","tag-world-languages"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHieroglyphs: Emojis of the Ancient World? 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